![]() ![]() The sounds to be preserved are directed into a large horn, which at its tapered end is connected to a cutting stylus. The earliest methods of sound recording are described as "acoustical" and employ only mechanical means for both recording and playback. Collectors call these discs "acoustic" recordings. ![]() The older 78 format continued to be mass produced alongside the newer formats into the 1950s, but had faded from the scene by 1955.īefore 1925, all 78s were recorded by means of the artist singing or speaking into a horn, the power of their voice directly vibrating the recording stylus and thus cutting the wax of the master disc. The durations of 78 RPM recordings is about three to five minutes per side, depending on the disc size:Īs late as the 1970s, some children's records were released at the 78 rpm speed. Earlier they were just called records, or when there was a need to distinguish them from cylinders, disc records. This term did not come into use until after World War II when a need developed to distinguish the 78 from other newer disc record formats. Thus these records became known as 78s (or "seventy-eights"). In 1925, 78.26 rpm was chosen as a standard for motorized phonographs, because it was suitable for most existing records, and was easily achieved using a standard 3600-rpm motor and 46-tooth gear (78.26 = 3600/46). Since most 78 rpm discs were issued in paper sleeves with no additional accompanying materials, relatively limited information is provided by the items themselves.Įarliest speeds of rotation varied widely, but by 1910 most records were recorded at about 78 to 80 rpm. During and after World War II when shellac supplies were extremely limited, some 78 rpm records were pressed in vinyl instead of shellac (wax), particularly the six-minute 12" 78 rpm records produced by V-Disc for distribution to US troops in World War II.ħ8s come in a variety of sizes, the most common being 10 inch (25 cm) and 12 inch (30 cm) diameter, and these were originally sold in either paper or card covers, generally with a circular cutout allowing the record label to be seen. Generally 78s are made of a brittle material which uses a shellac resin (thus their other name is shellac records). The materials of which discs were made and with which they were coated were also various shellac eventually became the commonest material. 21-48.īill's 78rpm beginner's page Explanation of side coupling for 78rpm sets Grove Music Online A history of vinyl Wikipedia Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) websiteĪny flat disc record, made between about 1898 and the late 1950s and playing at a speed around 78 revolutions per minute is called a "78" by collectors. Cataloging & Classification Quarterly, vo. Describing jazz, blues, and popular 78 RPM sound recordings: suggestions and guidelines. ![]() This is a brief guide to aid in cataloging I) Vintage Record Players by Decade a) 1940s 1.Music Cataloging at Yale ♪ Sound recording cataloging With a little bit of leg work, authentic vintage and antique record players from most any time period can be found. When looking for very old record players, buyers should use search terms like phonograph or gramophone. ![]() Be wary of any record player that doesn’t have some kind of branding and model number. Record players in the 80s often have AM/FM radio, cassette and/or 8 Track players as part of the unit.Īdditionally, authentic antique record players will have manufacturer tags, typically underneath or on the back of the unit. For example, early 20 th century record players had cabinets/cases made from solid wood, such as mahogany or oak. Depending on the time period of the record player certain features will be present. If a buyer is looking for an authentic antique record player, they should look for brands such as RCA, Columbia, Edison, HMV (His Master’s Voice), Victor/Victrola, Zenith, Panasonic, General Electric, etc. V) Vintage Record Players with Horns/Speakers (Gramophone). ![]()
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![]() ![]() ![]() In cases of assault, fixed penalties were set for various injuries, although talio was still permitted if one person broke another's limb. Roman law moved toward monetary compensation as a substitute for vengeance. As with blasphemy or lèse-majesté (crimes against a god or a monarch), crimes against one's social betters were punished more severely. Babylonian law put a limit on such actions, restricting the retribution to be no worse than the crime, as long as victim and offender occupied the same status in society. The retribution might be worse than the crime, perhaps even death. If it is surmised that in societies not bound by the rule of law, if a person was hurt, then the injured person (or their relative) would take vengeful retribution on the person who caused the injury. The principle is found in Babylonian Law. #Eye for an eye meaning codeThe earliest known use of the principle appears in the Code of Hammurabi, which predates the Hebrew Bible. This body was the state in one of its earliest forms. Despite having been replaced with newer modes of legal theory, lex talionis systems served a critical purpose in the development of social systems-the establishment of a body whose purpose was to enact the retaliation and ensure that this was the only punishment. Various ideas regarding the origins of lex talionis exist, but a common one is that it developed as early civilizations grew and a less well-established system for retribution of wrongs, feuds and vendettas, threatened the social fabric. The exact Latin (lex talionis) to English translation of this phrase is "The law of retaliation." The root principle of this law is to provide equitable retribution. The meaning of the principle Eye for an Eye is that a person who has been injured by another person returns the offending action to the originator in compensation, or that an authority does so on behalf of the injured person. In the modern tort law system, this has been extended to translate non-economic losses into money as well. Under the English Common Law, successful plaintiffs were entitled to repayment equal to their loss (in monetary terms). The Anglo-Saxon legal code substituted payment of wergild for direct retribution: a particular person's life had a fixed value, derived from his social position any homicide was compensated by paying the appropriate wergild, regardless of intent. Conversely, the Twelve Tables of Rome merely prescribed particular penalties for particular crimes. In that case, the rule was that punishment must be exactly equal to the crime. The simplest example is the "eye for an eye" principle. For example, if a person caused the death of another person, the killer would be put to death. In the famous legal code written by Hammurabi, the principle of exact reciprocity is very clearly used. Legal codes following the principle of lex talionis have one thing in common: prescribed 'fitting' counter punishment for a felony. The most common expression of lex talionis is "an eye for an eye", but other interpretations have been given as well. Some propose that this was at least in part intended to prevent excessive punishment at the hands of either an avenging private party or the state. The term lex talionis does not always and only refer to literal eye-for-an-eye codes of justice (see rather mirror punishment) but applies to the broader class of legal systems that specifically formulate penalties for specific crimes, which are thought to be fitting in their severity.
![]() to search and add Grammarly extension to your browser. Just go to the official add-ins page of the browser like Chrome Web Store, Firefox Add-ins, Microsoft Edge Extensions, etc. You can easily download and install Grammarly extension for Chrome, Firefox, Microsoft Edge, Safari, Opera, etc. You can use Grammarly in various browsers by downloading Grammarly for Windows and Mac or by installing the Grammarly extension in the browsers. Grammarly also offers a browser extension. It helps you write better and clearer documents and emails. You can go to to easily add Grammarly plugin to Word and Outlook. Grammarly also offers an add-in for Microsoft Word and Outlook. #Grammarly desktop on mobile how toHow to Download Grammarly for Word/Outlook On the Grammarly – Grammar Keyboard screen, tap the Install button to install Grammarly for your Android device.Search for the Grammarly app in the store.Open Google Play Store on your Android phone or tablet.On the Grammarly – Keyboard & Editor page, tap the Get button to instantly download and install Grammarly for your iOS devices.ĭownload Grammarly App for Android from Google Play Store.Read More Get Grammarly App on iPhone/iPad from App Store System requirements of Grammarly for Windows: Windows 10 and Windows 11. ![]() You can click the widget to see the writing errors and correction suggestions. You should see a floating Grammarly widget in the app which detects and gives real-time suggestions for your texts.
![]() That means they will hunt for insect larvae, tiny crustaceans, and any other source of protein they can find. That’s not all, though! Bright neon blue accents can be found on the dorsal fins.įor the most part, Scarlet Badis fish are peaceful and non-aggressive. Typically, a lighter shape is complemented by vertical stripes of a darker one. The primary color of the Scarlet Badis is usually orange or red. While they might be small, their coloration ensures that the fish are always seen. They are aptly named after the striking yellow and black stripes that cover their bodies. The adorable Bumblebee Goby is a unique fish with some distinct looks. Not only that, but adults can live with the fry without any issues. This is a stark contrast to true Killifish, which lay eggs. It’s a unique sight to behold!Īnother unique interesting thing about Least Killifish is that they are livebearers. Sometimes, they will even school and swim in unison throughout your tank. This means that they stay in groups and spend a lot of time with each other. ![]() Throughout the day, you will witness all kinds of unique group behaviors. The good news is that you can keep several fish together. As such, they are best kept in a single-species tank. Because of their small size, they are often the target of aquarium predators. Not only is this small catfish an interesting specimen to watch, but it will also play an important role in maintaining the ecosystem! As long as waters are around 74 degrees and have a pH of roughly 6.5, they should have no problem staying healthy.Īlso known as “dwarf suckers,” the Otocinclus is a great addition to nano tanks. ![]() ![]() It looks like the pattern you would see on a medieval jester costume.įor the most part, Harlequin Rasboras are easy to take care of. #Tropical fish bowl PatchHowever, the lower half of their body features a bold triangle-shaped patch of black. The body is covered in a pinkish-orange hue. These nano fish are named after their striking appearance. At the very least, they should be kept in groups of six to ensure that they feel safe and confident in their surroundings. As a general rule of thumb, two fish can be kept for every gallon of water your tank can hold. These are shoaling fish that prefer to stay in large groups. ![]() |
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